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  1. U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm
  2. Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569-576.
  3. Why guidelines for primary care providers? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/guideline_infographic-a.pdf
  4. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdmp/providers.html
  5. PDMP policies and practices. Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Training and Technical Assistance Center website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.pdmpassist.org/Policies
  6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf
  7. Jones CM. Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers—United States, 2002-2004 and 2008-2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):95-100.
  8. Issue brief: Nation’s drug-related overdose and death epidemic continues to worsen. American Medical Association website. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf
  9. U.S. state opioid dispensing rates, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/state2020.html

*This campaign is supported by the FDA of the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of financial assistance award U18FD004593, with 100% funded by the FDA/HHS. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, the FDA/HHS or the US Government.

References
  1. U.S. Overdose Deaths In 2021 Increased Half as Much as in 2020 – But Are Still Up 15%. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2022/202205.htm
  2. Vowles KE, McEntee ML, Julnes PS, Frohe T, Ney JP, van der Goes DN. Rates of opioid misuse, abuse, and addiction in chronic pain: a systematic review and data synthesis. Pain. 2015;156(4):569-576.
  3. Why guidelines for primary care providers? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/guideline_infographic-a.pdf
  4. Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdmp/providers.html
  5. PDMP policies and practices. Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Training and Technical Assistance Center website. Accessed August 6, 2021. https://www.pdmpassist.org/Policies
  6. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf
  7. Jones CM. Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers—United States, 2002-2004 and 2008-2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132(1-2):95-100.
  8. Issue brief: Nation’s drug-related overdose and death epidemic continues to worsen. American Medical Association website. https://www.ama-assn.org/system/files/issue-brief-increases-in-opioid-related-overdose.pdf
  9. U.S. state opioid dispensing rates, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Accessed July 1, 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/rxrate-maps/state2020.html

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